Understanding the Different Types of Dandruff and Their Causes

Dandruff is one of the most common scalp issues faced by people across all age groups, yet it remains deeply misunderstood. Many assume that dandruff is simply about “flakes,” but the truth is far more complex. Dandruff appears in different forms, each with its own causes and triggers. Understanding what type of dandruff you have is the key to choosing the right treatment and preventing it from becoming a recurring problem. In this detailed guide, we break down the different types of dandruff and their causes so you can regain a healthier, clearer scalp.

Why Does Dandruff Occur?

Before diving into types, it’s important to understand the underlying mechanism. Your scalp constantly sheds dead skin cells. When this shedding process becomes too fast due to irritation or imbalance, flakes become visible. Different factors like fungus, dryness, excess oil, or product buildup trigger this rapid turnover, resulting in dandruff.

1. Dry Scalp Dandruff

Dry scalp is one of the simplest and most common forms of dandruff. It usually occurs during winter, in low-humidity environments, or due to using harsh shampoos that strip away natural oils.

Causes:

• Lack of moisture in the scalp
• Excessive use of sulphate-based shampoos
• Cold weather or indoor heating
• Poor hydration

How it looks:

Small, white, powder-like flakes that fall easily on the shoulders. The scalp may feel tight, itchy, or sensitive.

2. Oily / Greasy Dandruff

This type occurs due to an overactive sebaceous gland. When the scalp produces too much oil, it traps dirt, dead skin, and sweat. This sticky combination irritates the scalp and forms yellowish flakes.

Causes:

• Excess sebum production
• Hormonal fluctuations
• Heat and humidity
• Improper scalp washing

How it looks:

Large, yellow, sticky flakes that cling to the scalp. Hair may appear greasy even after washing.

3. Fungal Dandruff (Malassezia-Related)

A natural fungus called Malassezia lives on everyone’s scalp. But when it grows excessively, it irritates the skin and triggers rapid cell shedding.

Causes:

• Humid climates
• Oily scalp conditions
• Weak scalp barrier
• Stress or hormonal instability

How it looks:

White or pale-yellow flakes, moderate to severe itching, redness, and scalp sensitivity.

4. Product Build-Up Dandruff

Using too many styling products such as gels, waxes, serums, and sprays can clog your scalp pores. Over time, this creates a layer that traps impurities, leading to dandruff-like symptoms.

Causes:

• Excessive use of styling products
• Infrequent washing
• Heavy or chemical-based formulas
• Residue from shampoos and conditioners

How it looks:

Sticky, wax-like flakes; dull-looking hair; irritation immediately after product use.

5. Seborrheic Dermatitis

This is a more severe form of dandruff. It affects not only the scalp but also areas like the eyebrows, beard, and sides of the nose.

Causes:

• Fungal overgrowth
• Chronic inflammation
• Stress, diet, or weather triggers
• Genetic tendency

How it looks:

Thick, greasy patches; yellow flakes; intense itching; redness; and inflamed areas.

6. Psoriasis-Related Dandruff

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition that accelerates cell turnover drastically. When it affects the scalp, it leads to flaking that resembles dandruff but is much thicker.

Causes:

• Immune system dysfunction
• Genetic predisposition
• Stress triggers
• Weather changes

How it looks:

Silver-white thick scales, red patches, and persistent flakes that do not reduce with regular dandruff shampoos.

Conclusion

Dandruff isn’t a one-size-fits-all problem. Different types have different triggers, symptoms, and treatments. Identifying the specific type you have helps you choose the right remedy—whether it’s moisturising, reducing oil, clearing fungus, or minimising product buildup. With consistent care, the right shampoo, and a balanced scalp routine, even stubborn dandruff can be controlled effectively.

I Dr. Jyoti Patil, a dedicated hair specialist committed to providing advanced and personalized hair care solutions.

At Hair Ensure Trichology Clinic, located in the prime Alkapuri area of Vadodara, we focus on accurate diagnosis and result-oriented treatments for all hair and scalp concerns.

Our mission is to help you regain healthy, strong, and confident hair with expert trichology care you can trust.